@miseds dan repost
#Lesson10
1. If-clauses to express a condition
(i) Positive
Here we use dhá (dá) in the standard. It is followed by the conditional as well, and eclipses.
Dhá mbeadh tú anseo, ní bheadh sise ansin.
(ii) Negative:
Once again, we have -mara-. It causes eclipses as well.
These can be translated as "if ... were" or "if ... had been" or even as "if ... should be" or "if ... shoudl have been" depending on context. Something to note: If I had been there and if I were there are both the same. Dhá mbeadh mé ansin.
2. Possessive Adjectives
(i) See the forms. Note that "do" becomes t' when before a vowel, even though in the standard it is written as d'. Pretty sure this happens in every dialect. Also note that ar, and 'ur (bhur) are pronounced as the schwa, making them the same as (his, her, their). And check out contrastives are formed.
Unlike English, Irish does not use word stress. Sadly, I got drowned out once when I was telling someone that, no, natives speakers won't say -mo- athair, with stress on -mo-.
(ii) Pronunciation
Already touched upon this. Just read it and note the bit with the Caighdeán.
(iii) Mo, do, a (his) lenite; ar, 'ur, and a (their) eclipse. a (hers) puts an h-prefix before a vowel
a úlla - his apple
a húlla - her apple
a n-úlla - their apple
a bhord -- his table
a bord -- her table
a mbord -- Their table
(iv) Use with seo, sin, siúd:
Again, ust to express 'this/that person'
(v) Once again to express 'own'
(vi) Use of cuid
Here we go. This is a fun topic. So, unlike what some people will tell you, *cuid* is used before plural nouns *a gcuid leabhartha*, mass nouns - *a cuid uisce*, and abstract nouns *do chuid Béarla*. This is something way too often forgotten by learners and people.
One thing to note here: O'Siadhail mentions: It is, however, generally omitted where the noun in question 'inalienably' belongs to the possessor, e.g. 'mo chosa'.
I have found this to only be partially true. There is certainly a tendency in Connemara Theas to use cuid with ***all** plurals. I asked my teacher about it, and he even said O'Siadhail's example is weird, and that he'd prefer *mo chuid cosa*. I feel Seán could confirm this.
Basically, when in doubt, use *cuid* with plurals!
(a) Use in contrast with "féin"
Just see the examples. Means about the same as "fén" in the previous section.
(a) Before a noun in the genitive relation
Again, just seee the example.
3. Use of ceann/cuid to express 'mine', 'yours', etc.
*Ceann* can mean 'one' (As the one in: Oh, did you bake a cake? Yes, I made one. -- Oh, an ndearna tú cáca? Rinne mé ceann amháin).
Here, it can be used for singular 'yours' when working with contrastives. It becomes 'ceannsa". IThis is only singular. If it becomes plural, you use 'cuidse' instead.
1. If-clauses to express a condition
(i) Positive
Here we use dhá (dá) in the standard. It is followed by the conditional as well, and eclipses.
Dhá mbeadh tú anseo, ní bheadh sise ansin.
(ii) Negative:
Once again, we have -mara-. It causes eclipses as well.
These can be translated as "if ... were" or "if ... had been" or even as "if ... should be" or "if ... shoudl have been" depending on context. Something to note: If I had been there and if I were there are both the same. Dhá mbeadh mé ansin.
2. Possessive Adjectives
(i) See the forms. Note that "do" becomes t' when before a vowel, even though in the standard it is written as d'. Pretty sure this happens in every dialect. Also note that ar, and 'ur (bhur) are pronounced as the schwa, making them the same as (his, her, their). And check out contrastives are formed.
Unlike English, Irish does not use word stress. Sadly, I got drowned out once when I was telling someone that, no, natives speakers won't say -mo- athair, with stress on -mo-.
(ii) Pronunciation
Already touched upon this. Just read it and note the bit with the Caighdeán.
(iii) Mo, do, a (his) lenite; ar, 'ur, and a (their) eclipse. a (hers) puts an h-prefix before a vowel
a úlla - his apple
a húlla - her apple
a n-úlla - their apple
a bhord -- his table
a bord -- her table
a mbord -- Their table
(iv) Use with seo, sin, siúd:
Again, ust to express 'this/that person'
(v) Once again to express 'own'
(vi) Use of cuid
Here we go. This is a fun topic. So, unlike what some people will tell you, *cuid* is used before plural nouns *a gcuid leabhartha*, mass nouns - *a cuid uisce*, and abstract nouns *do chuid Béarla*. This is something way too often forgotten by learners and people.
One thing to note here: O'Siadhail mentions: It is, however, generally omitted where the noun in question 'inalienably' belongs to the possessor, e.g. 'mo chosa'.
I have found this to only be partially true. There is certainly a tendency in Connemara Theas to use cuid with ***all** plurals. I asked my teacher about it, and he even said O'Siadhail's example is weird, and that he'd prefer *mo chuid cosa*. I feel Seán could confirm this.
Basically, when in doubt, use *cuid* with plurals!
(a) Use in contrast with "féin"
Just see the examples. Means about the same as "fén" in the previous section.
(a) Before a noun in the genitive relation
Again, just seee the example.
3. Use of ceann/cuid to express 'mine', 'yours', etc.
*Ceann* can mean 'one' (As the one in: Oh, did you bake a cake? Yes, I made one. -- Oh, an ndearna tú cáca? Rinne mé ceann amháin).
Here, it can be used for singular 'yours' when working with contrastives. It becomes 'ceannsa". IThis is only singular. If it becomes plural, you use 'cuidse' instead.