International Up-to-date Clinical Channel, IUCC

Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is a congenital heart defect with four components:
1) Pulmonary stenosis, narrowing of the exit from the right ventricle
2) A ventricular septal defect, a hole between the two ventricles
3) Right ventricular hypertrophy, thickening of the right ventricular muscle
4) An overriding aorta, which allows blood from both ventricles to enter the aorta

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The rotator cuff is a group of muscles and tendons that surround the shoulder, keeping the head of the upper arm bone firmly within the shallow socket of the shoulder. The four muscles of rotator cuff are:
● Supraspinatus: This holds your humerus in place and keeps your upper arm stable. And helps lift your arm.
● Infraspinatus: This is the main muscle that lets you rotate and extend your shoulder.
● Teres Minor: This is the smallest rotator cuff muscle. Its main job is to assist with rotation of the arm away from the body.
● Subscapularis: This holds your upper arm bone to your shoulder blade and helps you rotate your arm, hold it straight out and lower it.

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Blood supply to the brain is normally divided into anterior and posterior segments, relating to the different arteries that supply the brain. The two main pairs of arteries are the Internal carotid arteries (supply the anterior brain) and vertebral arteries (supplying the brainstem and posterior brain). The circle of Willis is a circulatory anastomosis that supplies blood to the brain and surrounding structures.
The circle of Willis is a part of the cerebral circulation and is composed of these arteries:
● Anterior cerebral artery (left and right)
● Anterior communicating artery
● Internal carotid artery (left and right)
● Posterior cerebral artery (left and right)
● Posterior communicating artery (left and right)

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Colonic diverticulosis is the condition of having multiple pouches (diverticula) in the colon that are not inflamed. These are outpockets of the colonic mucosa and submucosa through weaknesses of muscle layers in the colon wall. Most diverticula are asymptomatic, but some become inflamed or bleed. Diagnosis is by colonoscopy, capsule endoscopy, barium enema, CT, or MRI. Asymptomatic diverticulosis requires no treatment. When symptoms are present, treatment varies depending on clinical manifestations.

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The autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulates a variety of body process that takes place without conscious effort. The autonomic system is the part of the peripheral nervous system that is responsible for regulating involuntary body functions, such as heartbeat, blood flow, breathing and digestion. The autonomic nervous system is divided into the sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system.

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